Time and Life Essay Example for Free

Time and Life EssayAccording to a popular saying,schooldays are the happiest days of your life. Is there any truth in this? Answers to this question are bound to vary greatly from soulfulness to person. A persons answer will depend on how happy the persons schooldays actually were and on how happy the rest of his or her life has been since. To give a really true answer to this question you gull to be fairly close to the end of your life. Hopefully,by this clipping you will have lived a long time. If this is the case,then you will have a long period of time to look back on.Will no other period of your life have made you happier than your schooldays? This seems rather unlikely. There are certain momentous times in a persons life which are usually accompained by a great feeling of gaiety,even of ecstasy. One of these is being in love. Another is a persons wedding day. Yet another, and many parents would put this at the top of their happiness list, is the birth of a couples chil d. These are milestones in human life and they bring happinessto the majority of people who experience them. However, apart from these emotional milestones, there is a wide variation in what makes people happy.To a large extent what brings happiness to a person depends on what they are interested in. For example, athletes might well regard their period of sovereign happiness as the time they won a major track or field event, especially an Olympic event. Footballers might regard the peak of their happiness as the time they played for a top-ranking team and scored a crucial goal in an important game. Ambitious businesspeople might be at the hightest point of their happiness when they bring off a particulary successful and shrewd business deal.If there are all these opportunities, and many more, for achieving happiness in life, how has the caprice arise that schooldays are the happiest days of our life? It is at least partly because peoples memories, particularly older peoples memorie s, carry to be imperfect when they look back on the past. Not only that. Especially where childhood is concerned, older people tend to look back at past through rose-coloured spectacles. For example, they might remember the weather during the summer holidays as being much better than it is now. That has nothing whatsoever to do with modern modality change.It has to do with looking back on the past with affection and nostalagia-and a lack of realism. A few peoples schooldays might sincerely have been the happiest days of their lives. On the other hand, some peoples schooldays might have been an absolute nightmare with stern schoolteachers administering harsh punishments and swearing students teasing and bullying them, not to mention the often unbearable pressure of exams. For most people,neither of these extremes fits the bill. Their schooldays are the usual mixture of happiness and unhappiness,like the rest of their lives. schooldays are not the happiest days of their lives.

Quality Associates Essay Example for Free

Quality Associates EssayIn this case, we have Quality Associates, Inc. a consulting firm advising its guest well-nigh sampling and statistical procedures that can be used to control their manufacturing process. Their client has offered hears to be analyzed, so they can quickly learn whether the process is operating satisfactorily or corrective executions needs to be taken. The numbers given in the case were as follows assumed population exemplification deviation is personify to . 21, experiment size is equal to 30 and the running play cheer of the opine was 12. They also stated the two hypotheses to be tested the null hypothesis that the population is equal to 12 and the alternative hypothesis that the mean is not equal to 12. This indicates a two tailed tests to determine whether or not to reject the null hypothesis. The 4 provided sample sizes each(prenominal) contained 30 observations, indicating a normal distribution and z test statistics. Methodology The first ques tion required conducting a hypothesis test for each sample at the . 01 level of significance.Based upon the test, determine if any corrective actions need to be taken. There are two show upes to hypothesis testing, the p-value approach and the critical value approach. The first step for the p-value approach was to calculate the mean for each sample. In order, they were 11. 9587 12. 0287 11. 8890 12. 0813 Next, was to calculate standard error, by using the formula sigma shared by the square root of n. This came out to be . 0383. To see the z test statistic subtract the test value of 12 from the sample mean and disunite by the standard error.The z test statistic for each sample were as follows -1. 0966 0. 7493 -2. 8982 2. 1227 The 1 tail p-value could then be found by using the normsdist run for in Excel. This function indicates probability to the left of the value, so positive numbers were subtracted from 1. Since this is a two tailed test, the values were multiplied by two to find the actual p-value. 0. 2728 0. 4536 0. 0038 0. 0338 The rule for the p-value two tail test is to reject Ho if the p-value is smaller than or equal to alpha, the alpha in this case being . 01. At . 038, the p-value for sample 3 was less than the significance level set by the client. Sample 3 provides evidence to reject Ho and accept Ha. However, samples 1, 2 and 4 all have p-values larger than alpha, indicating that the process is working satisfactorily with a mean equal to 12. According to samples 1,2 and 4, corrective measures do not need to be taken.A second approach to hypothesis testing is the critical value approach, which states to reject Ho if the z value is larger than z alpha/2 or smaller than z alpha/2. Alpha was given at . 1, alpha/2 is equal . 005. Table 8. 1, Values of Z alpha/2 for the most commonly used Z values, in the book states that for alpha/2 equal to . 005, the z value is equal to 2. 576. This is the z critical value for a two tailed test, outside of which lies the rejection area. Again, out of the 4 samples, only one had a critical value in the rejection area. The z value of sample 3, -2. 8982, was smaller than the z critical value of -2. 576. This leads to a rejection of Ho. Samples 1,2, and 4 all fall between the 2 critical values and provide evidence to not reject Ho.Assumption Based on the results of the hypothesis tests, both p-value approach and critical value approach, corrective action should be taken for sample 3. Samples 1,2 and 4 provide evidence that we cannot reject Ho, and therefore the client can assume that the process is operating satisfactorily. The second question asked to compute the standard deviation for each individual sample. Using the stdev function in Excel, the standard deviation for each sample are as follows 0. 2204 0. 2204 0. 2072 0. 2061 AssumptionBased on the standard deviations cypher for each sample, the assumption of . 21 for the population standard deviation appears reasonable. An average of the 4 individual sample standard deviations is equal to . 2135, which can be travel down to . 21. The third question asked to compute limits for the sample mean equal to 12. Condition was that as long as a new sample mean is within those limits, the process provide be considered to be operating satisfactorily. If X exceeds the upper limit or if the X is below the lower limit, corrective actions will be taken.The formula for calculating upper and lower control limits is Using x bar equal to 12, z alpha/2 equal to 2. 576 and the standard error equal to . 0383, the upper limit was equal to 12. 0987 and the lower limit was equal to 11. 9013. Assumption Based on the upper (12. 0987) and lower (11. 9013) control limits mensural for a mean equal to 12, sample 3 falls outside the control limit with a mean of 11. 8890. Because the mean exceeds the lower limit, it indicates that corrective action needs to be taken.Assumptions Increasing the level of significance to a larger value will lead to rejecting the null hypothesis more often. If the level of significance is increased to . 05, both samples 3 and 4 will provide evidence to reject the null hypothesis instead of just sample 3. This means that the client is more willing to make a Type I error, mistakenly rejecting Ho when it is true. This means that they run the risk of having to stop their manufacturing process to take corrective action more often.

Jørn Utzons House in Hellebæk

Jrn Utzons House in HellebkThe Architects stick out in Hellebk, Denmark, fifty kilometres north of Copenhagen, was built in 1953 on the designs of the big architect, Jrn Utzon, aimed to be his own home in one of his most loved areas of his country. Sm all told, yet spacious, this dwelling is hidden in the kelvin Danish forests not far away from the place he grew up and loved so much. This house was built at the commencement of Utzons career with limited fundsThe story goes that Utzon could sole(prenominal) afford a regular suburban lot except bought one at the end of a street, cancelled the thrust and persuaded the local forester to let him enter trough the forest instead. (Anon., May 2008)In this essay I intend to look at how this house functions, two aesthetically as well as ergonomically. I will analyze its style, layout and both its external and internal structure with references to the time and location it was built in. I will also examine the practical functions it provi des. Subsequently, I am going to compare it to two other houses which either have been an inspiration for the architect or have been themselves influenced by Utzons Hellebk house.The House at Hellebk is not just another paradigm of a typical modern mid-century house nevertheless one of the very first structures to feature the trend of single-storey, flat-roofed residences with gigantic frappe walls. The wholly faade of the house is made up of yel depressive disorder brick and astronomic glass panels which create long uninterrupted, parallel walls. The north brick wall is completely blank in the sense that the architect punctured no windows in it at all except for the front door. As for the interior, the kitchen and the living room are situated in the core of the house while the bedrooms are at the sides and are only illuminated by roof openings due to Utzons desire to keep the bareness of the north wall. His determination to avoiding openings lead that the internal walls have no doors but guiltless gaps between them as passageways, and he achieved that by arranging them in such a way that the doors were ceiling high.The walls extend from ceiling to floor with black-painted wooden strips so the walls can be moved, the rooms re-arranged accord to the need later on. (Jorn Utzon)By designing this house, the architects aim, was to make a modern and attractive residence that accommodated his wants and needs. At that time, he was married with children and needed a family house that would please him both aesthetically and emotionally by allowing him to enjoy the beauty of the Danish woods on his slimly elevated porch. On the other hand, he needed it to have enough room for a family while keeping the construction on a low budget.What is interesting about this residence is the fact that if you inspect it from the south, you will see a lightweight structure with thin woods framing and glass plates. On the other hand, if you stand on the north side, you will obs erve a heavy, stone building with no openings for the building to breathe. The south lighter side which stands on a solid brick wall, is said to be inspired by eastern, Chinese architecture. (20th century houses)With the construction of this house, Jrn Utzon was the first to bring the open-plan endeavor to the then conservative Denmark as it features a large open space and minimizes the use of small, cover rooms. This is in strong contrast with the traditional Danish houses with purely defined rooms (Denmark, Unofficial Handbook, Royal Danish Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 622-644). This house is yet an even more contradictory structure to that area due to the architects weft not to provide north-facing openings since the conventional housing of the 50s used to have large windows on every side. Yet, the south side and the use of brick balance everything up.One of the things that catches my fondness on this house is the precise geometry in which the sensationalistic bricks are pl aced. The entire building seems resembling it has been very carefully constructed, taking into consideration every teensy-weensy detail. The geometry is emphasised by the two very long parallel walls on either side.The structure of the house, resembles that of a traditional Japanese house that was designed according to the ancient Kiwari modular system. This was a very simple method of building based on standard dimensions and spacing between columns which was measured in 6 to 6.5 Shaku (1818mm to 1969.5mm)(Davies book 2). Utzon borrows this scheme and converts it into his own culture, the traditional Danish brick. In the Utzon house it is the humble brick that sets the module both externally and internally.(Davies). All the proportions are planned on an 120mm grid which is devised by Danish brick and cement joints, timber panels, floor tiles and brick paving.The Japanese influence is not only apparent in the structural elements of the house but in the interiors and decoration as well. The materials used outside are the same as inside yellow brick, Oregon pine, aluminium and black-painted skirting boards and ceiling strips. The whole plainness of it all is what reminds me of Japanese quality. Photos of the interiors which are geometric, with straight edges, a grid-like placement of furniture, ample wide, open space and a very generous usage of long timber planks bring to my mind the simple lines that traditional Japanese architecture followed. The architect himself recalls all the different sorts of materials used in this project walls and doors are border with Oregon pine boards, the kitchen, grill niche, shower and bathroom are all adorned with the same yellow brick but glazed white and shiny like porcelain. The flooring in the entrance hall, kitchen and round the fireplace consists of yellow-brown oblong tiles made of clay.Utzons main inspiration for creating the Hellebk house, were Frank Lloyd Wrights Usonian houses (1936) and especially Jacobs House wh ich was the first out of this series of small ranches in West America. The windows, the single-storey and open plan structure as well as the flat roof and the use of brick and timber were obvious elements which Utzon mimicked after Wrights work.After the Second World War, Utzon decided to travel to the United States where he stayed with Frank Lloyd Wright for several months. He closely observed the swell architect who was at the peak of his career as he worked. This is very noticeable in Utzons work following that journey.Jacobs House is located in Madison, Wisconsin and was created by Wright during a major pause of his career in the 30s due to being affected by the times depression. The architects main intention was to create a large collection of such houses that were both economical and environmentally friendly. The materials used in this project were timber, stone, glass and bricks made out of baked clay, a series of resources that tell a clear relation to the areas vernacular (www.usonia1.com). This is exactly what Utzon did for his own house.Wrights concept included an L-shaped floor plan with a two by two grid as a guideline. Utzon consequently used a certain pattern as well by making everything a multiple of 120mm. The living and dining areas as well as the kitchen are all in a single open area in contrast to the two bedrooms and the study which are enclosed in their own rooms. He, as well as Utzon, make the same clear distinction between the private and public areas of the house, the serving and served. The whole house is characterized by the simplicity of the materials and space.Floor heating, Chinese method. Both houses.A house in which was undoubtedly influenced by Utzons creation is Richard Hordens residence in Poole Dorset.Utzon is a great mind in the history of architecture and his Hellebk house still remains as an example of how well he could implement modern structures of the mid-century. The yellow brick is still standing symmetrically and g eometrically inside the deep Danish woods.

Political And Constitutional Struggle Of Quaid History Essay

Political And Constitutional Struggle Of Quaid History EssayThe dynamic leadership and remarkable services of Quaid-e-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah in the Pakistan Movement of immunity and independence is slave to no introduction. In this movement, the personality of Quaid-e-Azam his tireless efforts and immense struggle make the crude and difficult path for the freedom of Pakistan very easy. The Muslims of India fin anyy succeeded in achieving their destination for which they underwent a long, painful yet motivated journey led by the Quaid.POLITICAL AND CONSTITUTIONAL STRUGGLE OF QUAIDJinnahs stretch and stay in London was the sowing time. The first decade in Bombay, after his return from Britain, was the germinating period the later decade (1906-1916) marked the vintage stage. It could also be called a period of idealism, as Jinnah was a romanticist both in personal and political life.As Jinnah came come to the fore of his shell, the political limelight shvirtuoso on him. He was bud ding as a lawyer and flowering as a political activist. A political child during the first decade of the century, Jinnah had become a political giant forrader Gandhi even returned to the Indian sub-continent from South Africa.THE DIFFERENCES OF JINNAH WITH THE CONGRESSMohammad Ali Jinnah differed with Gandhi on the regard ass of achieving self-rule. The federation session reassembled at Lahore under Jinnahs presidency and was attend by a bite of Congressmen and leaders of the Khilafat Movement. The Quaid, despite his differences with Mahatma Gandhi and the Khilafists, still enjoyed the trust and admiration of the Muslims of Bombay which can be seen from the fact that he won the Bombay Muslim cornerst unrivalled for the Legislative Assembly that he had resigned in protest against the Rowlett Act.DELHI PROPOSALS 1927Due to the deep distrust between the cardinal communities as evidenced by the country-wide communal riots and because the Hindus failed to cope with the genuine r equisites of the Muslims, his efforts came to naught. One such effort was the formulation of the Delhi Muslim Proposals in March, 1927. In order to bridge Hindu-Muslim differences on the constitutional think, these proposals even waived the Muslims right to transgress electorate, the most basic Muslim demand since 1906, which though recognized by the congress in the Luck now Pact, had again become a initiation of friction between the two communities.QUAIDS FOURTEEN POINTS 1929In 1928, Pundit Moti Lal Nehru presented a report which turned down all the Muslims demand. On the reply of Nehru report, Mohammad Ali Jinnah presented his famous 14 points on March 28, 1929 to the Muslim League Council at their Session in Delhi. Since all the Muslims opposed the Nehru Report, these points were to counter the proposals made in the Nehru Report. This was the certainly the right exercise to the Nehru report. The points were to recommend the reforms that would defend the rights of the Muslims of the sub-continent.The points are following1- The form of the future constitution should be federal, with the residuary powers to be vested in the provinces.2- A uniform measure of self-sufficiency shall be granted to all provinces.3- All legislatures in the country and separate pick out bodies shall be constituted on the definite principle of adequate and powerful jibeation of minorities in every province without reducing the absolute majority in any province to a minority or even equality.4- In the of import Legislature, Muslim representation shall not be less than one third.5- Representation of communal groups shall continue to be by separate electorates fork upd that it shall be open to any community, at any time, to abandon its separate electorate in favor of joint electorate.6- Any territorial redistribution that might at any time be infallible shall not in any way that would affect the Muslim majority in the Punjab, Bengal and the NWFP.7- Full religious liberty i .e. liberty of belief, worship, and observance, propaganda, association, and education, shall be guaranteed to all communities.8- No bill or resolution or any part at that placeof shall be passed in any legislature or any otherwise elected body if three fourths of the members of any community in that particular body oppose such a bill, resolution or part thereof on the ground that it would be injurious to that community or in the alternative, such other method is devised as may be found feasible feasible to deal with such cases.9- Sindh should be separated from the Bombay Presidency.10- Reforms should be introduced in the NWFP and Baluchistan on the same footing as in other provinces.11- Pro passel should be made in the Constitution giving Muslims an adequate share along with the other Indians in all the services of the State and in local self-governing bodies, having referable(p) regard to the requirements of efficiency.12- The Constitution should embody adequate safeguards fo r the protection of Muslim culture and for the protection and promotion of Muslim education, language, religion and personal laws and Muslim charitable institutions and for their due share in the grants-in-aid given by the State and by local self-governing bodies.13- No cabinet, either primeval or Provincial, should be formed without there being a proportion of at least one-third Muslim ministers.14- No change shall be made in the Constitution by the Central Legislature except with the concurrence of the States constituting the Indian Federation.SECOND ROUND TABLE CONFERENCE 1931The Hindu Muslim dispute must be settled forward the enforcement of system or constitution. Until you do not give guarantee for the safeguard for the Muslims interests, until you enforce shall not last for even 24 hours.REORGANIZATIONJinnahs disillusionment at the course of politics in the subcontinent prompted him to migrate and settle down in London in the early thirties. While in England, the Quaid had been watching the events that were happening in India and was saddened to see how Muslim interests were being sacrificed by the chaotic situation within the Muslim League. The Muslim League was in the hands of rich, landlords or some sum class intellectuals with limited horizons, while the All India Congress was emerging as the leading party for Indian Independence. He was, however, to return to India in December 1933, at the pleadings of his co-religionists, and assume their leadership.Jinnah realized that organizing the Muslims of India into one powerful and dynamic organization was badly needed. He performed two important tasks after his return from England, the first was to unite and air the Muslim League as the sole representative body of the Muslims of India. The second was to continue the struggle for freedom of India on constitutional lines.Undismayed by this gross(a) situation, Jinnah devoted himself with singleness of purpose to organizing the Muslims on one platform. H e embarked upon country-wide tours. He pleaded with provincial Muslim leaders to sink their differences and make common cause with the League. He exhorted the Muslim masses to organize themselves and joined the League He gave coherence and direction to Muslim sentiments on the regimen of India Act, 1935. He also formulated a viable League manifesto for the election scheduled for early 1937. He was, it seemed, struggling against time to make Muslim India a power to be reckoned with. disrespect all the manifold adds stacked against it, the Muslim League won 108 (about 22 percent) seats out of a total of 492 Muslim seats in the unlike legislatures. Though not very impressive in itself, the Leagues partial success assumed added significance in view of the fact that the League won the largest number of Muslims and that it was the just now All-India party of the Muslims in the country. Thus, the elections represented the first milestone on the long road to putting Muslim India on the map of the subcontinent.LUCKHNOW SESSIONJinnah use all his energies on revitalizing the League. With the assistance of the Raja of Mahmudabad, a dedicated adherent of the Muslim League, the Lucknow Session was a grand demonstration of the will of the Muslims of India to lose up to the Congress challenge. It was the Lucknow Session that Jinnah persuaded Sir Sikander Hayat Khan to join the Muslim League along with his Muslim colleagues. That development later became famous as the Jinnah-Sikander Pact.This Session marked a dramatic change not only in the Leagues platform and political position, but also in Jinnahs personal commitment and final goal. He changed his attire, shedding the Seville Row suit in which he had arrived for a black Punjabi sherwani long coat. It was for the first time he put on the compact cap, which would curtly be known throughout the world as Jinnah Cap. Ti was at that session that the title of Quaid-e-Azam (the great leader) was used for Jinnah and which so on gained such currency and hotity that it near became a substitute for his name.The great success was carry outd the organization front of the Muslim League. Within three months of the Lucknow session over 170 new branches of the League had been formed, 90 of them in the United Provinces, and it claimed to have enlisted 1,00,000 new members in the province alone.DAY OF DELIEVERANCE 22 DECMEBER 1939The Second World War broke out in 1939 and the British Government was anxious to win the favor and co-operation of the major political parties and leaders in their war effort. The Viceroy made a declaration in October assure the people of India that after the war, the constitutional problems of India would be re-examined and modifications made in the Act of 1935, according to the opinion of India Parties. The Congress reacted to that drastically, condemned the Viceroys policy statement and called upon the Congress ministries to resign by October 31, 1939. On the resignation of the Con gress ministries, the Muslim League appealed to the Muslims and other minorities to observe December 22, 1939 as the Day of Deliverance.DEMAND FOR PAKISTAN (23 RD MARCH 1940)Quaid-e-Azam said in the wranglingWe are a nation with our own distinctive culture and civilization, language and literature, art and architecture, names and nomenclature, sense of values and proportion, legal laws and moral code, customs and calendar, chronicle and tradition, aptitudes and ambitions, in short, we have our own distinctive outlook on life and of life. By all canons of international law, we are a nation.The formulation of the Muslim demand for Pakistan in 1940 had a tremendous impact on the nature and course of Indian politics. On the one hand, it shattered forever the Hindu dreams of a pseudo-Indian, in fact, Hindu Empire exit from India on the other, it heralded an era of Islamic renaissance and creativity in which the Indian Muslims were to be active participants. The Hindu reaction was quic k, bitter and malicious.Addressing on 23rd march 1940 he said thatThe Mussalmans are not minority. They are a nation by any definition. By all canons of international law, we are nationHe also said thatIndia is not a nation, nor a country. It is a sub-continent of nationalities. Hindus and Muslims being the two major nations. The Hindus and Muslims belong to two different religious, philosophies, kind customs and literature. It is quite clear that Hindus and Muslims derive their inspiration from different sources of historyCRIPPS MISSION 1942Sir Stafford Cripps was sent by the British Government to India in March 1942, to discuss with Indian leaders, the future Indian Constitution. His proposal was rejected by both the Congress and the League. The Congress characterized them as a post-dated cheque on a failing bank. Jinnah in his presidential address to the Allahabad session of the League, analyzed the Cripps proposals and expressed the disappointment that if these were accepted Mu slims could become a minority in their majority provinces as well.DIVIDE AND QUIT 1942The failure of the Cripps Mission, though unfortunate in many ways, resulted in strengthening of the Muslim League case of Pakistan. The Congress obdurate to launch its final assault on British imperialism in the movement that came to be known as the block up India movement. Gandhi called upon the people to take initiative and to do or die in a last struggle for freedom, throwing of the initial pretences of non-violence. He did not consult the Muslim League or any other party and went ahead with his plans in the hope that the momentum of the mass movement would take violent forms and would involve all parties and sections of the people of India. To the Congress slogan of Quit India, the Quaids answer was Divide and Quit which meant Muslims do not only want freedom from British but also from Hindu Raj.JINNAH-GANDHI TALK 1944The two leaders also differed with regard to the boundaries of Pakistan a nd how the issue of whether India should be divided at all, was to be determined. Gandhi was adamant on the question of partition and although he appeared to be conceding the surmisal of partition he did everything he could to persuade the Quaid to give up his demand of the establishment of two sovereign states.The British had been watching with anxiety the progress of the Jinnah-Gandhi talks and were making plans to meet the situation if the Congress and the League arrived at an agreement. The failure of these talks spurred the Viceroy to make renewed efforts to break the political deadlock in India.Though the Gandhi-Jinnah negotiations failed to achieve the avowed goal of the Hindu-Muslim unity, they brought to Jinnah and the Muslim League two important political gains. Firstly, the leadership of the Congress had now offered to discuss the questions of Pakistan seriously before that, the Congress and Mahatma had kept the door to that subject uncompromisingly shut. Secondly, the Congress could no longer justifiably claim that it stood for all the communities in India including the Muslims.Louis Feisher wroteThe wall between Jinnah and Gandhi was the ii Nation Theory.QUAID E AZAM AND TWO NATION THEORYQuaid -e-Azam was a firm advocate of two nation theory which becomes the ideological basis Pakistan. He considered the Muslim as a separate nation. He saidPakistan was created the day the first Indian nation entered the field of IslamHe explained the two nation theory asThe Muslims are the nation by every right to establish their separate homeland. They can adopt any means to promote and protect their sparing social political and cultural interestsSIMLA CONFERENCE 1945As per the provisions of the Wavell Plan, the Executive Council would be reorganized and Hindus and Muslims would equally represent in the Viceroys Executive Council and the Council would work as stave Government till the end of war. Lord Wavell called a conference at Simla in June 1945 to give a practical shape to this plan. The Quaid-e-Azam insisted that the right to appoint phoebe bird Muslim members in the Executive Council should entirely rest with the Muslim League. That was not acceptable to the Congress as the Congress claimed to represent both the Hindus and Muslims. The conference failed to achieve any purpose due to one-sided attitude of Lord Wavell. In this conference, Quaid-e-Azam made it crystal clear that only the Muslim League can represent Muslims of India.ELECTIONSElections for the central and provincial assemblies were held in 1945-46. Muslim League managed to win all the 30 seats reserved for the Muslims in central legislative and 427 seats out of 495 Muslim seats in the provincial legislative. Election results were enough to prove that Muslim League, under the leadership of Quaid-e-Azam, was the sole representative of the Muslims of the region. Quaid-e-Azam said on this useI have no doubt now in the achievement of Pakistan. The Muslims of India told the world what they want. No power of world can topple the opinion of 10 crore Muslims of India.DELHI CONVENTION 1946On 19th April 1946, soon after the elections, Jinnah called a convention at Delhi of all the newly elected. League members in the central and the provincial legislatures. In this convention the word States of 1940s Lahore resoluteness is transformed into the word State and the legislators signed pledges solemnly declaring their firm conviction that the safety, security, salvation and destiny of the Muslims lay only in the achievement of Pakistan.CABINET MISSION PLAN 1946The most delicate as well as the most tortuous negotiations began with the arrival, in March 1946, of a three-member British Cabinet Mission. The crucial task with which the Cabinet Mission was entrusted was that of devising in consultation with the heterogeneous political parties, constitution-making machinery, and of setting up a popular interim government. But, because the Congress-League gulf co uld not be bridged, despite the Missions prolonged efforts, the Mission had to make its own proposals in May 1946.The Muslim League accepted the plan on June 6, 1946. The Congress accepted the plan on June 25, 1946, though it rejected the interim setup. The Viceroy should now have invited the Muslim League to form Government as it had accepted the interim setup but he did not do so because he did not want to make Congress angry. So in this situation Cabinet Mission went back to England on June 29 without deciding anything.DIRECT ACTION DAY 16TH AUGUST 1946The Council of the All-India Muslim League met in Bombay and on July 27, 1946 it finally sealed its rejection of the Cabinet Mission Plan, and decided to launch its famous Direct Action for the achievement of Pakistan, which it could not achieve by peaceful means due to the intransigence of Congress on the one hand and the breach of faith with the Muslim by the British Government on the other.Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah saidNe ver have we in the whole history of the League done anything except by constitutional methods. But now we are obligate into this position. Today we bid good-bye to constitutional methods. Today we have forged a pistol and are in a position to use it. We mean every word of it. We do not believe in equivocation.Direct Action Day was celebrated on 16th August 1946. There was a strike in all over the country that they. Direct Action Day was observed peacefully throughout India, except in Calcutta, where riots broke out. breakdown DAY 1947By the close of 1946, the communal riots had flared up to murderous heights, engulfing almost the entire subcontinent. The two people, it seemed, were engaged in a fight to the finish. The time for a peaceful transfer of power was fast running out. Realizing the gravity of the situation, His Majestys Government sent down to India a new Viceroy Lord Mountbatten. His protracted negotiations with the various political leaders resulted in 3 June (1947) Pla n by which the British decided to partition the subcontinent, and hand over power to two successor States on 15 August, 1947. The plan was duly accepted by the three Indian Parties to the dispute the Congress, the League and the Akali dal (representing the Sikhs). However Pakistan became constitionally independent at midnight between fourteenth and 15th August 1947.IDEOLOGY OF PAKISTANThe Pakistan Resolution explains the ideology of Pakistan, establishment of homeland in the north-western and eastern zone of India where the Muslims should be free to lead their lives according to the tenets of Islam. This Resolution implied the independence of these two states from India but it did not imply independence of one another, for the subsequent league Resolution of April 1946 spoke of east and west Pakistan as one sovereign state.ALL INDIA MUSLIM LEAGUEOn march 26, 1939, it was announced that the working committal of the All-India Muslim league had set up a committee to examine the variou s constitutional proposals which had already been made regarding the future constitution of India. This committee was also to consider constitutions of other countries and was then to report its conclusions at an already date to the working committee. Several schemes had been put forward by Muslim leaders some suggested two or three separate federations while other recommended an all-India federation of the regions comprising Muslim, Hindu, and other areas.CONTITUTIONAL ASSEMBLYThe constitutional assembly started functioning in January 1947. The Muslim league demanded its dissolution on the basis that the British Governments interpretation of the plan was not accepted by the Sikh and the Scheduled Castes and that the session and proceedings of the assembly were invalid.THE FIRST CABINET OF PAKISTANThe first Cabinet of Pakistan was the creation of the Quaid-e-Azam. Liaqat Ali Khan was named by him as the prime minister, a position to which he was entitled by virtue of his position in the Muslim league party which had an over-whelming majority in the assembly. Since he owed the leadership of the legislature also to the Quaid-e-Azam, Liaqat had no say in the selection of his colleagues, whose name and the portfolios they were to hold, were simultaneously announced along with his own appointment. More than one minister subsequently made public declaration to the effect that he was a nominee of the Quaid-e-Azam. The Cabinet was broadly representative of the provinces as also of the refuges from India and minorities attractor OF A FREE NATIONIn recognition of his singular contribution, Quaid-e-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah was nominated by the Muslim League as the Governor-General of Pakistan, while the Congress appointed Mountbatten as Indias first Governor-General. Pakistan, it has been truly said, was born in virtual chaos.The problems which the Quaid-e-Azam had to face as Governor General of Pakistan were not only due to the happenings in East Punjab, and to provide shelter for the millions of refugees. What immensely increased the difficulties of the new state was the fact that it had yet to organize itself.CONCLUSIONAfter the tireless and undying efforts and struggles of our great Quaid and others leaders, finally Pakistan emerged on the map of the world as an independently existing nation. We live freely in our nation, as individuals of a distinctive identity and enjoy our social, political and economic interests regardless of the fears and traumas our fore fathers have faced. The peaceful sleep at night which we get now has undoubtedly emerged as a result of the great vision of Iqbal and the remarkable and tremendous leadership and guiding light of none other than the father of our nation Mr. Muhammad Ali Jinnah Quaid e Azam.

Qualified Employees In Hospitality Industry Tourism Essay

Qualified Employees In Hospitality Industry Tourism EssayThe postulate of qualified employees in cordial reception industry, their loading to returns quality and to what extent it impacts guest satis faction is not any to a greater extent(prenominal) a matter of question it is an consequential issue that b early(a)ations not only hospitality oversight pedagogy in Bulgaria but it is accepted all over the world. The industry suffers from gamey turnover (Mehra, 2006) which directly reflects to the product and portion quality offered (Pizam and Thornburg, 2000) and respectively to broken revenues and profits (Tracey and Hinkin, 2008).Further often, problems occur in graduates perception of future cargoner in hospitality industry due to disappointment of the puddle experience they gain during their mandatory practices in this industry which decrease their willingness for further professional development in this field (Waryszak, 1999 Jenkins, 2001).The gabs in hospitality m anagement education system is an important issue of serious concern and represents a huge interest among researchers and academics. According Mr. Ilian Ilchev a manager of Vocational Training Center (VTC) Bourgas who is responsible of the breeding of cadres in hospitality industry, Bulgarian tourism sector faces serious problems learning qualified employees in this field. Most of the students in Bulgarian universities and colleges offer low quality of education. There is no interaction mingled with the practice in tourism sector and the higher education offered in Bulgarian schools. Moreover, after kickoff students atomic number 18 not attracted from the low payment in this sector, and the inability to spring up career on managerial level is from great disappointment for them.As distant as the education of hospitality management is concerned, there is a need to classify the supply side of the Bulgarian education. The institutions that will tertiary education in Bulgaria a re separated into two types universities with duration of plain from four to six year, depending on the object of study which offer bachelor and master degree, and colleges with duration of study three years offering professional bachelor degree. There is existence of Private Professional Colleges (PPC) with duration of study two years offering security department for professional qualification which are 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th degree (National Statistic Institute) and so called Vocational Training Centers (VTC) which are working at the same principle as PPC and offer the same levels of professional qualification. The difference betwixt them is that PPC give prospect for the student to continue their education for professional bachelor/bachelor degree in its partner Bulgarian university or college but VTC on the other hand is considered to be not only for students but for e reallyone that wants to acquire craft knowledge in particular field. There is small partage of private coll eges which are part from any statistic that offer courses based on educational programmes similar to foreign colleges that suits the students ask in particular industry. The period of study in these colleges is from two to three years and after completing the course, student can continue their education in university abroad. Most of the courses are franchised and validated by the foreign college or university and the majority of them are based in Nederland, Great Britain, Norway etc. However, the degree awarded by their Bulgarian college or university partner is not acknowledged by the Bulgarian Ministry of Education. Here comes the question how effective is the education offered from these institutions connected with hospitality industry and how many of them assign qualified employees and leaders that could suits the needs of this industry? According to Jenner, 1992 and Sneed Heiman, 1995 the concern for a intermit quality of education in tourism sector should be equally high for both government and hospitality and tourism industry. Bulgarian government does not subsidize the colleges that offer higher education in hospitality management and very few hotels do have clear structured training system. The limitation of Master and doctoral programs in this field in Bulgarian universities with strength in hospitality is an obstacle for development of further academic resources and researches which could be in favor for the progress of these programs. Furthermore, courses such(prenominal) as Entrepreneurship, Strategic Management, Marketing Management, incorporated Finance etc. which are essential for the hospitality education do not exist in Bulgarian State universities. Such courses are recognise in the Bulgarian colleges which are affiliated by foreign universities but from financial point of view, not every student can afford it. Unfortunately, such gaps in the hospitality education are not rare phenomena in other countries such as India that faces the same problems (Jauhari V.2006).A serious issue of concern in Bulgaria is connected with the jobs opportunities that the Bulgarian students have after graduation. It is generally known that the aim of the higher education is to prepare qualified cadres which are able to find a realization on the labor market. The quality of education is a leading factor that influences students opportunities of purpose the near suitable job placement accord to the acquired qualification (Georgieva Y., Kalinov K. 2005).Unfortunately, in Bulgaria it is a substantially known fact that the students find difficulties to find job in the sphere of their higher education and most of them start working something which is totally dissimilar or similar to what they have studied in the university, mostly at minimum wage rates.Moreover,the number of graduates in hospitality industry exceed the number of available managerial positions on the labor market, something that happens in India as well and that lead s to mismatch of supply and demand of certain skills in hospitality industry(Jauhari V.2006).According to Zhang and Wu (2004), China faces the same difficulties in hospitality industry, namelylack of qualified staff at both operational and managerial level, high staff turnover rates, unwillingness of university graduates to enter industry, gap between what is taught in school and college and realities of the industry itselfIn most cases, it leads to job dissatisfaction, low productivity and respectively to low quality of swear tabu. Researchers have found that there is absence of supreme and strong interaction between job satisfaction and education (Gordon, 1975 Weaver, 1978). whiz of the assumptions is that the students with higher education expect their work during the years to be rewarded and when their expectations are not met it easily leads to dissatisfaction of the job position (Wright and Hamilton, 1979).However, a recent statistic parades that the number of green go ddess who mostly leave the country are young stack between 25-29 years old (NSI). This means that higher educated or not, young people in Bulgaria prefer to work and to look for a better career opportunities abroad instead of develop their skills at home which directly reflects on the different branches of the Bulgarian economy, namely to operate with young and qualified cadres. It is a reasonable explanation why Bulgarian hospitality industry desperately has a need of qualified employees and managers who can offer good quality of service and ability to compete with other popular hospitality industries such as Turkey, Greece, Malta etc.The good quality of higher education in hospitality management plays crucial authority of providing the tourism market with well trained, skilled and educated managers, but on the other side, frontline employees are those who has direct contact with the customers, and the quality of service provided by them is essential for the success of any judi cature within the hospitality industry (Chang, 2006).Customer service is viewed as customer perception of what he/she had experienced and remembered (Beaujean, Davidson, and Madge, 2006 Bymes,(2005). Most of the time, when a customer leaves a hotel or a restaurant dissatisfied from the received service, it forms directly a negative perception (Bymes, 2005).Thats why, it is essential and not fully recognized in Bulgarian hospitality industry that the successful organizations are those that perceive customer service asthe starting point and ending point for any effective account relationship in which the key to success is clear sentiment about what it intents like to walk in the customers shoes(Bymes, J., 2005).Employees commitment to service quality is also an important factor that contributes for a strong organizational executing. Organizations with high commitment among subordinates could only benefit from it with lower turnover and comparatively higher motivated employees. It is important for every company to know how to motivate its employees and to create better relation between customers and frontline employees. It is considered as a step ahead of creating a sustainable customer service (Cadwallader, S., Jarvis, C, Bitner, M., and Ostrom, A., 2009 Spector and McCarthy, 1996).It is also assumed that committed employees are more likely to provide customers with better quality of service (Zeithaml, Parasuraman and Berry, 1990).According to Kini and Hobson (2002) the good quality of service entirely depends onemployees commitment, satisfaction, involvement, and morale.In hospitality industry in Bulgaria is very difficult to be found such employees. Frontline employees are typically underpaid, undertrained, overworked and highly stressed (Hartline and Ferrell, 1993), a statement which apply pretty much to the Bulgarian hospitality employees working environment. It concerns mostly the seasonal workforce in Bulgarian winter and summer resorts where people w ork almost at minimum wage, in most cases relying on tips or small percentage of their daily profit. Hotel and restaurant employees are occupied ten-twelve hours per day, sometimes even more, depends on how busy is within the organization. Furthermore, a vernacular practice is working without days off which easily contribute for stressful working environment, a topical issue that contributes to low quality of service (Ross F. G 1995).All these factors reflect negatively on employee satisfaction, productivity and homage to the organization and respectively to customer satisfaction and profitability. The link between frontline employees satisfaction, inscription, productivity, customer satisfaction and companys profitability is well depicted in so called Service profit chain (Heskett, Sasser Schlesinger, 1997) illustrated in Figure.1.According to Crowford, A. and Hubbard, S. (2007), in the Service profit chainthere is a link between employee satisfaction and the service concept, d irectly impacting customer satisfaction. This impact affects customer loyalty, which in turn influences revenue growth. Lastly, revenue growth extends back to the beginning influencing the internal service of the organization. Understanding an employees level of satisfaction, commitment, involvement, and self-esteem gives managers and strategists means to create a favorable environment where the links in the service profit chain work to the good of the service provider.Employees satisfaction and commitment as a starting point in Service profit chain, impacting the delivery of good quality of service and companys profitability, are major components that absence in many Bulgarian hospitality organizations. The results are higher turnover among frontline employees and managers due to the lack of quality of work life (QWL), a topical issue of great interest among researchers and academics. The delivery of good service highly depends on QWL provided by the hospitality organization, pri ncipally when employees needs and expectations are met, so that they are motivated to work in companys favor (Kanungo, 1982 and Efraty Sirgy, 1990) or in other words through better QWL there is a significant advancement of employees productivity, performance and service quality (Havlovic, 1991).A recent research made to investigate employees expectations of QWL (Kandasamy,I, I. Sreekumar, A., 2009) indicates that during a conversation with the employees from three different hotels, they show willingness to participate, when provided, in companys service training programs which could be a good chance for them to enhance their skills. According to Rousseau (1995), in most cases, employees even expect their company to provide training programs as an opportunity for further career developmentin exchange for the employees time, effort, and skillTourism industry in Bulgaria supported by the government and orientated in the mainstream of mass tourism, entirely depends on its seasonal wo rkforce. Practices such as service training almost do not exist in Bulgarian winter and summer resorts because of its seasonality, where the percentage of five and four stars hotels grow dramatically in the last couple of years. As Mr.Lubomir Popiordanov, Chair of the Bulgarian Association for Alternative Tourism (BAAT) pointed out Bulgarian mass tourism is mainly connected with quantity instead of quality and it lacks in added value (Sofia News Agency).Most of the hotel owners are mainly focused finding ways to be fully booked during the whole season instead of improving the quality of service through training programs. It is not yet recognized that through such programs frontline employees could work much more effectively when dealing with customers complaints which on the other side makes feel them satisfied with their job (Babakus et al., 2003 Schneider Bowen, 1995 Tax chocolate-brown, 1998).Some other research papers support the thesis that organizations that invest money in service training programs are more capable to keep its employees within the company, makes them feel happy at the workplace and committed to the firms values(Babakus et al., 2003 Lee, Park, Yoo, 1999 Sweetman,2001 Tsui, Pearce, Porter, Tripoli, 1997).Other approach of keeping frontline employees committed to the organization, providing better quality of service is through companys reward system. George and Gronroos (1989) also signal that rewarding service employees periodically ensure their commitment to service quality. Similar to the training programs, reward systems and policies are very important for motivating employees when dealing with customers complaints. The fact that companys reward structure contributes for employees satisfaction at the workplace and impacts their organizational commitment is so farthermost supported by many service literature studies (Bowen, Gilliland, Folger, 1999 Brown Peterson, 1993 Farrell Rusbult, 1981 Heskett, Jones, Loveman, Sasser, Sch lesinger, 1994 Lawler, 2000).For the Bulgarian hospitality industry a clear structured reward system could be in favor of reducing employees turnover and to encourage more qualified cadres to enter this sector.Most industry researchers agreed that employees commitment to service quality is highly influenced by managers commitment to service quality and the way they show up it (Bowen and Schneider 1985 Hartline and Ferrell 1996 Mohr-Jackson 1993 Babakus et al. 2003). As it was mentioned before the higher education is from significant importance in hospitality industry in cabaret to generate leaders capable to show their subordinates motivation, skills, confidence and flexibility which could positively affect employees behavior towards the delivering of a better quality of service. Managerial train is considered as an appropriate tool of providing employees with support mainly connected with their knowledge, skills and performance within the organization. This method embrace approx imately the same goals concerning employees further skill development at the workplace as training ,but coaching is presented in more informal way. It represents the ability of the managers to create sustainable correlation between employees and supervisors so that their everyday activities and experiences are synchronized and able to became an object of learning (Phillips 1994).Coaches is design to demonstrate employees the best way of doing their job when dealing with customers. It gives employees an idea of their opportunities, and how to perform better using new and different approaches.Furthermore, through coaches employees are provided with rhythmical feedback which aims to get the best of its employees and to show them that their work is appreciated.Bulgarian hospitality industry has a lot to learn concerning the education provided, aiming to attract qualified cadres to work in this field and their ability to be committed to service quality. It is so far recognized internati onally that qualified employees who are satisfied with their job are more committed to the service quality which directly affect customer satisfaction of the received service attitude. Having in mind that todays world economy is 70 percent service based, more and more academics and people working in this sphere are looking for a way to design companies that are able to provide the best service to its clients (Schneider White, 2004). The importance of improving the quality of service is the main driver for companys successful retention of customers (Gustafsson, A., Johnson, M., Roos, I., 2005).At operational level service employees are those who creates the tie between the customers and the organization and most importantly through them and their personal contribution to deliver decorous service, managers are aiming to attract and impress customers (Chase, 1981 Heskett et al., 1994 Oliva and Sterman, 2001), and respectively to satisfy them. Thus, managers commitment to service qua lity has indirect impact on customers satisfaction (Subroto, B. Natalisa, D., 2003).Even that managers also contributes for the delivering of excellent service, frontline employees are from great importance when the target is better productivity performance and gratifying customers needs (Yee,R., Yeung,A., Cheng,T.C,2008).Service quality in the modern hospitality industry is a crucial factor in creating long-term relationship between organizations and customers and to make them feel satisfied (Martin, 1986 Croby et al., 1990 Tornow and Wiley, 1991 Tsa, 1994).Many researchers have argued that there is significant correlation between customer satisfaction and service quality (Roth and Van Der Velde, 1991 Roth and Jackson, 1995).Other studies in service merchandising have suggested that customer satisfaction is in emotional reply of a particular experience connected with provided service( Westbrook and Reilly (1983).According to Yoon and Suh (2003), the excellent service highly depend s on employees because when they are satisfied with their job and motivated, it is more likely to deliver better services and to give more from themselves. Other research papers prove that loyalty among employees contributes for higher levels of service delivering (Loveman, 1998 Silvestro and Cross, 2000).Employees which are able to provide service quality are considered much more capable to solve problems easily and in proper manner which positively affects customers perception of the provided service.Bulgarian hospitality industry needs serious improvements connected with the service attitude toward customers and radical changes in employees working environment, in order to work in full capacity. Successful tourism or hospitality business could not operate without satisfied guests and subordinates (Gursoy and Swanger, 2007). As pointed out in The Service Profit Chainproviding employees with a superior internal working environment is likely to lead to satisfied employees who are bo th loyal to the organization and able to provide the customer with an excellent service experience. Customers will recognize and value the outstanding service offered to them.(Heskett et al., 1994, 1997).However, several studies indicate that employees satisfaction plays crucial role in achieving companys financial aims (Koys, 2003), which means that when a company make an affords to take care for its employees, they will do the same in return for companys customers. This care could be express through better payment, reward practiced, training and managerial coaching and not at the end, through companys ability to make feel its employees secure (Gursoy and Swanger, 2007 Koys, 2003 Schneider, 1991).Customers loyalty and satisfaction are supposed to be contributory factor for customer profitability. The relationship between customer satisfaction and profitability is considered as fundamental marketing concept which means that the companys goal is to pursue customers needs, wants and w ishes (Helgesen.O, 2006).When all this consumers factors are met, customers are satisfied from what they receive, the company is pleased having a long-term financial returns on business. Customers who are highly satisfied are considered to use one and the same products and services more frequently and respectively to stay loyal to the company that provides them (Anderson et al., 1994 Gronholdt et al., 2000).Customers loyalty is an important factor in hospitality industry that contributes for consumer reuse of a certain product or service which positively increase companys profitability. Moreover, satisfied customers are much less price sensitive and they are willing to pay even at high price (Anderson et al., 1994) which directly affects companys economic performance. Satisfaction among customers reflects in positive way on organizations overall reputation which on the other side could be a premise of creating strong relationship with important distributors and suppliers. From what was mentioned so far it becomes obvious thatcustomer satisfaction generates more future sales, reduces price elasticity, and increases the reputation of the firm.(Yee, R., Yeung, A., Cheng, T.C, 2008).All of the mentioned sources and publications speak of the aspects that Bulgarian hospitality needs to focus in order to function successfully, to develop and to be competitive on the market.

Interview Essay - Regina McArthur -- Interview Essays

Regina McArthur was born on December 16, 1929. She is a proud drive of five children, and is also a proud grandmother. She says that her greatest love, after her family, is teaching. Regina is a retired school teacher and she currently kit and caboodle informally at a topical anesthetic museum. She says that religion plays a big part in her life, and she describes herself as a real church goer. She is continually nerve-wracking to develop new skills with all the grand things that are out there to learn. Regina is a very curious person and believes that everyone should be too She said, There is so much in life that is free, we should retort advantage of it.Regina raised her five children by herself, and did what she had to do to survive. She has always enjoyed investigating new ideas. Spending time with her fa... Interview Essay - Regina McArthur -- Interview EssaysRegina McArthur was born on December 16, 1929. She is a proud mother of five children, and is also a proud grandmother. She says that her greatest love, after her family, is teaching. Regina is a retired school teacher and she currently works informally at a local museum. She says that religion plays a big part in her life, and she describes herself as a real church goer. She is continually trying to develop new skills with all the wonderful things that are out there to learn. Regina is a very curious person and believes that everyone should be too She said, There is so much in life that is free, we should take advantage of it.Regina raised her five children by herself, and did what she had to do to survive. She has always enjoyed investigating new ideas. Spending time with her fa...

insider trading :: essays research papers

Preliminary Note to Rule 10b5-1 This provision defines when a purchase or deal constitutes trading "on the undercoat of" material nonpublic information in insider trading cases brought under Section 10(b) of the Act and Rule 10b-5 thereunder. The law of insider trading is separate than defined by judicial opinions construing Rule 10b-5, and Rule 10b5-1 does not modify the scope of insider trading law in any other respect. a.     General. The "manipulative and jerry-built devices" prohibited by Section 10(b) of the Act and Rule 10b-5 thereunder include, among other things, the purchase or sales event of a surety of any issuer, on the basis of material nonpublic information about that security or issuer, in breach of a duty of trust or confidence that is owed directly, indirectly, or derivatively, to the issuer of that security or the shareholders of that issuer, or to any other soulfulness who is the source of the material nonpublic informat ion.b.     Definition of "on the basis of." Subject to the affirmative defenses in dissever (c) of this section, a purchase or sale of a security of an issuer is "on the basis of" material nonpublic information about that security or issuer if the person making the purchase or sale was aware of the material nonpublic information when the person made the purchase or sale.c.     Affirmative defenses.1.     i.     Subject to separate (c)(1)(ii) of this section, a persons purchase or sale is not "on the basis of" material nonpublic information if the person making the purchase or sale demonstrates thatA.     Before becoming aware of the information, the person had1.     Entered into a binding contract to purchase or cuckold the security,2.     Instructed another person to purchase or sell the security for the instructing p ersons account, or3.     Adopted a written plan for trading securitiesB.     The contract, instruction, or plan described in paragraph (c)(1)(i)(A) of this Section1.     Specified the heart of securities to be purchased or sold and the price at which and the date on which the securities were to be purchased or sold2.     Included a written formula or algorithm, or computer program, for determining the amount of securities to be purchased or sold and the price at which and the date on which the securities were to be purchased or sold or3.     Did not permit the person to exercise any subsequent influence over how, when, or whether to effect purchases or sales provided, in addition, that any other person who, pursuant to the contract, instruction, or plan, did exercise such influence must not have been aware of the material nonpublic information when doing so and